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Harvey Dubner introduced his version of this “Hi-Low” counting system in 1963. Although based upon Thorp’s and Braun’s research, its beauty lay primarily in its added simplicity. Much easier to implement than Thorp’s Ten-count system, Dubner’s Hi-Low was almost as powerful, and it subsequently brought viable card-counting within the grasp of the average blackjack player. [...]

In his second edition otBeat the Dealer, Thorp presented a “point-count” system, which formed the basis of all subsequent counting systems and it provided the model for innumerable variations that have since evolved. Although Harvey Dubner’s quite similar system appeared slightly before this publication, it primarily entailed modifications or simplifications of Thorp’s original presentations and [...]

Card for card, it was a fact that the 5s being removed from a deck had the most effect upon the player’s advantage. Conversely, Thorp also discovered that adding four T’s to a deck increased the chances of winning the next hand by 1.89%. He proceeded to prove that the “richer” the deck was in [...]

In the early 1960s, with the help of powerful computers, Edward Thorp proved conclusively that the removal of all four 5s from single-deck play resulted in the player’s advantage over the dealer increasing by 3.6%. As a strategy for single-deck play, he suggested that players take note of how many 5s remained to be dealt [...]

When it is impossible that certain cards be dealt to you, the original composition or “balance” of the full deck(s) is obviously skewed. A particular card can no longer appear completely at random. This situation could easily happen, for example, if you were to observe that all four Aces had already been used up in [...]